Dendrology List

   Swamp Chestnut Oak (Quercus michauxii) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACW. Swamp chestnut oak acorns are eaten by white-tailed deer, wild hogs, wild turkey, black bear, squirrels, and chipmunks. It is a medium-size to large tree that grows up to over 100 feet tall, with a trunk to over 6 feet in diameter, and a thick, scaly, loose, light-gray bark. Swamp chestnut oak is affected by wood decaying fungi species of Fomes, Polyporus, and Stereum, and sporadically by oak leaf blister (Taphrina caerulescens).

 (http://plants.usda.gov/)

   Post Oak (Quercus stellata) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): UPL. Post oak, sometimes called iron oak, is a medium-sized tree abundant throughout the Southeastern and South Central United States where it forms pure stands in the prairie transition area. Post oak is intolerant of competition and is classed as intolerant of shade. Post oak is susceptible to most insects, diseases, and pollutants that present a threat to other oaks. Regeneration efforts are hampered by acorns being destroyed by weevils.

 (http://plants.usda.gov/)

   Southern Red Oak (Quercus falcata) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACU. Southern red oak, also called Spanish oak, water oak, or red oak, is one of the more common upland southern oaks. Southern red oak is characteristically an upland tree, growing on dry, sandy, clay soils. It is also found widely on sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam soils. Southern red oak is susceptible to injury by fire because of its thin bark. As a result of fire scars and other injuries, this species often is subject to heart rots. The uses of oak include almost everything that mankind has ever derived from trees-timber, food for man and animals, fuel, watershed protection, shade and beauty, tannin, and extractives (http://plants.usda.gov/)....

     White Oak (Quercus alba) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACU. white oak, grows from Maine to Minnesota southward to Florida and Texas. White oak is attacked by several insects: leaf eaters including gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), orangestriped oakworm (Anisota senatoria), oakleaf caterpillar (Heterocampa manteo), oak leaf tiers (Psilocorsis spp.) and walkingstick (Diapheromera femorata); Golden oak scale (Asterolecanium variolosum); gall forming insects like Cynipid wasps; and twig pruners, but none of these pose serious insect problems. Although found on many soil types, white oak does best on coarse, deep, moist, well-drained, with medium fertility, and slightly acid soils.   (http://plants.usda.gov/)

   Willow oak (Quercus phellos) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FAC. Willow oak is a medium to large-sized tree that grows up to over 100 feet tall, with a trunk 3 to 6 feet in diameter. It has thick, smooth, light-reddish bark when young; which becomes roughened and divided into narrow ridges on older trees. Trees wounded by fire are susceptible to butt rot fungi. Willow oak is widely planted as an ornamental and shade tree. (http://plants.usda.gov/)

   Water oak (Quercus nigra) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FAC, It is adapted to wet, swampy areas, such as along ponds and stream banks, but can also tolerate well-drained sites and even heavy, compacted soils. Water oak is a weak-wooded tree that is susceptible to trunk cankers and rots, all of which makes in vulnerable to limb breakage from wind and winter snow/ice.(http://plants.usda.gov/) 

   Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACU. Eastern redbud is a native, perennial, deciduous tree which grows 15 to 30 feet tall and spreads 15 to 25 feet. Eastern redbud develops a deep taproot that grows quickly the first few years under ideal conditions. Pruning the tree helps develop a strong structure. Three main disease effect eastern redbud: leaf anthracnose, Botryosphaeria canker, and verticillium wilt.

  (http://plants.usda.gov/)

   Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACW. Even though the wood is heavy, strong, and hard, pin oak is typically used for fuel wood, wood pulp, and railroad ties, since it tends to warp. Pin oak typically requires management only during the first few years after outplanting to a permanent site. Potential problems include insect and diseases include gypsy moth and oak wilt. (http://plants.usda.gov/)

   Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACU. Shagbark hickory is probably the most distinctive of all the hickories because of its loose-plated bark. Common names include shellbark hickory, scalybark hickory, shagbark, and upland hickory. Shagbark hickory grows best in a humid climate. Shagbark hickory is classed as intermediate in shade tolerance. Shagbark hickory at all ages is susceptible to damage by fire. (http://plants.usda.gov/)
   Southern Magnolia (magnolia grandiflora) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACU. Southern magnolia, also called evergreen magnolia, bull-bay, big-laurel, or large-flower magnolia, has large fragrant white flowers and evergreen leaves that make it one of the most splendid of forest trees and a very popular ornamental that has been planted around the world. Southern magnolia rarely forms pure stands but is usually associated with a variety of mesic hardwoods. Because of its showy flowers and lustrous evergreen foliage, southern magnolia is a valuable and extensively planted ornamental. Young southern magnolia are susceptible to fire-caused injury and mortality Winter droughts can cause extensive dieback and mortality. (http://plants.usda.gov/)

    Sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FAC. Sweetgum is a good choice for erosion control and as a windbreak tree because of its fast growth and tolerance of a wide variety of sites. It is a large deciduous hardwood tree, which can grow to over 100 feet in height and 3 to 5 feet in diameter, with a symmetrical, cone-shaped crown. Sweetgum is susceptible to iron chlorosis on high pH soils, frost damage to late summer shoot growth, occasional bleeding necrosis, leader dieback, sweetgum blight, leaf spots, sweetgum webworm, caterpillars, cottony-cushion scale, sweetgum scale, and walnut scale.(http://plants.usda.gov/)

    Red maple (Acer rubrum) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FAC. Red maple, is a wide-ranging native tree that is very well adapted to most soil and site conditions. This species is one of the early harbingers of fall as it turns color well in advance of other eastern deciduous trees, especially when it is located in wet sites. Red maple is adapted to wet sites where it associates with black ash, cottonwood, and black gum. (http://plants.usda.gov/) (http://texastreeplanting.tamu.edu/treepictures/maple_red)

    Water Tupleo (Nyssa aquatica) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): OBL. Water tupelo, also called cottongum, sourgum, swamp tupelo, tupelo-gum, and water-gum, is a large, long-lived tree that grows in southern swamps and flood plains where its root system is periodically under water. It has a swollen base that tapers to a long, clear bole and often occurs in pure stands. A good mature tree will produce commercial timber used for furniture and crates. Many kinds of wildlife eat the fruits and it is a favored honey tree. Fire is a major enemy of water tupelo. It scorches the thin bark, allowing entrance of rot-causing fungi.  (http://plants.usda.gov/)

    Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): OBL. Riverine swamps of bald cypress reduce damage from floods and act as sediment and pollutant traps as they cause floodwaters to spread out, slow down, and infiltrate the soil. Bald cypress is generally restricted to very wet soils consisting of muck, clay or fine sand where moisture is abundant and fairly permanent. The best management practice for regenerating this species is canopy thinning. (http://plants.usda.gov/)

   American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FAC. American hornbeam occurs primarily as an understory species in bottomland mixed-hardwood forests. Because of its thin bark, American hornbeam is probably either top-killed or completely killed by most fires. American hornbeam is best suited to establishment in bottomlands that have already been stabilized by pioneer species.  (http://plants.usda.gov/) (http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/caca.html)

   Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACW. Green ash is a native spreading, round topped tree which grows to a height of 70 feet or more. The deciduous leaves are pinnately compound, 8 to 12 inches long, with 5 to 9 leaflets. Green ash does not grow as fast as red maple (Acer rubrum) or elm; therefore it may be crowded out over time. Green ash is found in areas with 15 to 60 inches of yearly precipitation.

 (http://plants.usda.gov/)

    Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACW. Silver maple is one of the fastest growing deciduous trees of the eastern and mid-western forests. Silver maple is adapted wherever adequate moisture is assured, but grows best on well drained but moist river bottom soils. Like other maples, silver maple is susceptible to a wide range of insect and disease problems. Gray mold spot is a foliage disease. A host of root and trunk rots attack silver maple. Because of its brittle wood properties, it is highly susceptible to ice damage. (http://plants.usda.gov/)

   Black gum (Nyssa sylvatica) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FAC. It is a medium- to large-sized tree, frequently 60 to 80 ft high and 3 to 4 ft in diameter; it typically has dense foliage with a conical crown on a straight trunk. The simple, alternate leaves are leathery, and densely clustered at the branchlets. Blackgum is usually found with a mix of other species including black cherry (Prunus serotina), dogwood (Cornus florida), hickory (Carya spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), and yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), it is shade tolerant and seldom grows as dominant tree but it usually grows in the intermediate crown class on most sites. (http://plants.usda.gov/) (http://forestry.tennessee.edu/treeidsimple.htm)

    Bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACU, Bitternut hickory is probably the most abundant and most uniformly distributed of all the hickories. Bitternut hickory grows in moist mountain valleys along stream banks and in swamps. Although it is usually found on wet bottom lands, it grows on dry sites and also grows well on poor soils low in nutrients. Bitternut is used for lumber and pulpwood. Bitternut hickory is considered intolerant of shade but seems to have a higher seedling tolerance on bottom lands than most of its associates. (http://plants.usda.gov/) (http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/caco.html)

    Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) - Wetland status (Eastern Mountain/Piedmont): FACU, Tulip poplar actually is not a poplar, but a member of the magnolia family. Its good points for aesthetic use are: (1) rapid growth (2) pyramidal form (3) resistance to insect and disease damage (4) unusual leaves and attractive flowers, and (5) yellow autumnal color. Tulip poplar is unusually free from insects and disease. The yellow-poplar weevil, nectria canker, and fusarium canker are three of the more important enemies of this species. Tulip poplar is planted for reforestation purposes because of its rapid growth and the commercial importance of its wood, and is often planted as an ornamental. Tulip poplar and white pine were the largest trees in the eastern forest. (http://plants.usda.gov/)

Sources:

(http://plants.usda.gov/)

(http://forestry.tennessee.edu/)

(http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/)

Indicator categories

Indicator Code	Indicator Status	Designation	Comment
OBL	Obligate Wetland	Hydrophyte	Almost always occur in wetlands
FACW	Facultative Wetland	Hydrophyte	Usually occur in wetlands, but may occur in non-wetlands
FAC	Facultative	Hydrophyte	Occur in wetlands and non-wetlands
FACU	Facultative Upland	Nonhydrophyte	Usually occur in non-wetlands, but may occur in wetlands
UPL	Obligate Upland	Nonhydrophyte	Almost never occur in wetlands

These indicator statuses are used to designate a plant species' preference for occurrence in a wetland or upland.  The information supporting the indicator status assignments for the 1988 wetland list was qualitative, not quantitative.  To better reflect the supporting information, the new category definitions are based on qualitative descriptions.